Introduction: Malaria is the most important parasitic infection, which is now spread all over the globe. Malaria infections with more than two species, especially PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM and P. vivax, are common, but infections with P. malariae and P. FALCIPARUM are rare. Case Presentation: A 33-year-old man presented with fever and chills for three days, pancytopenia, and abnormal liver function tests, Peripheral blood smear revealed P. FALCIPARUM and P. malariae. After artemisinin-based combination therapy, all of his symptoms subsided. Discussion: Mixed malaria infection is not uncommon, and it needs to be diagnosed and treated effectively in order to control the disease.Travel consultations should be given for all travelers before their trip to endemic countries.

Background: The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of different species of PLASMODIUM and haplotypes of pfcrt in PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM from the selected area.Methods: Overall, 10, 372 blood films of suspected malarial patients were examined microscopically from rural health center Sinawan, district Muzaffargarh, Pakistan from November 2008 to November 2010.P. FALCIPARUM positive samples (both whole blood and FTA blood spotted cards) were used for DNA extraction. Nested PCR was used to amplify the pfcrt (codon 72-76) gene fragment. Sequencing was carried out to find the haplotypes in the amplified fragment of pfcrt gene.Result: Over all slide positivity rate (SPR), P. vivax and P. FALCIPARUM positivity rate was 21.40 %, 19.37 % and 2.03% respectively. FTA blood spotted cards were equally efficient in the blood storage for PCR and sequencing.Analysis of sequencing results of pfcrt showed only one type of haplotype SagtVMNT (AGTGTAATGAATACA) from codon 72-76 in all samples.Conclusion: The results show high prevalence of CQ resistance and AQ resistant genes. AQ is not recommended to be used as a partner drug in ACT in this locality, so as to ward off future catastrophes.

Background: Infections by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM, are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antimalarial agents’,discovery against infection. In present study, we described a 2’,-O-Methyl gapmer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide antisense targeting translation initiation region of 3D7 strain RH5 gene. Methods: The study was conducted in Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2020. ODNs effects were measured by microscopic examination and real time RT-PCR. For microscopy, microplates were charged with 2’,-OMe ODNs at different dilutions. Unsynchronized parasites were added to a total of 0. 4 ml (0. 4% parasitemia, 5% red blood cells), and slides were prepared. Proportion of infected cells was measured by counting at least 500 red blood cells. Results: RH5 genes start codon regions selected as conserved region besed on alignment results. Gap-RH5-As which was complementary to sequence surrounding AUG RH5 start codon significantly reduced parasite growth (>90% at 50 nM) compared to sense sequence control (Gap-RH5-Se) (17%), (P<0. 001). RH5 transcripts were dramatically reduced after exposed to ODNs at a concentration of 5-500 nM for 48 h. Conclusion: Gemnosis delivery of a chimeric gapmer PS-ODN with 2’,-OMe modifications at both sides had high antisense activity at low concentrations (10-100 nM) and shown a good efficiency to reach to target mRNA in human RBCs. Anti-parasite effect was correlated to reduction of target gene mRNA level. In addition, 2’,-OMe ODNs free delivery is an effective way and does not need any carrier molecules or particles.

Background and objectives: Malaria causes a wide spectrum of hematological and clinical manifestations. This study aimed to identify the alterations in the clinical and hematological parameters in patients infected with PLASMODIUM vivax, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM, and mixed species. Methods: The study included 126 smear-positive malaria cases, and various hematological parameters were studied. Results: The frequency of P. vivax, P. FALCIPARUM, and mixed species was 53. 9%, 36. 5%, and 9. 6%, respectively. Anemia (hemoglobin <11 gm%) was seen in 79. 3% of the cases, and severe anemia (hemoglobin <5g%) was detected in 27. 7% of the cases. A decrease in red blood cell count was observed in 67% of P. FALCIPARUM and 47% cases of P. vivax cases. Increased red cell distribution width and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were seen in 81% and 78% of the cases, respectively. Leukocytosis and leucopenia were detected in 15% and 16% of all malaria cases, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was associated with 78% of cases infected with P. vivax. The degree of anemia was correlated with the parasite load, and the degree of parasitemia was correlated with the extent of thrombocytopenia. There were also significant variations in the mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet counts among malarial species (p<0. 05). Conclusion: Malaria is frequently associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Thrombocytopenia is mostly associated with P. vivax infection. On contrary, leukopenia is more prevalent in P. FALCIPARUM, followed by P. vivax and mixed parasitemia.

The in vitro activity of rac-mefloquine hydrochloride and its pure enantiomers was tested against a chloroquine-resistant (PF.IBS2) strain of PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. The parasite isolated from Iranian patients was cultured in vitro by the candle jar method described by Tranger and Jensen and was exposed to the racemic mefloquine or its enantiomers over the concentration range of 10-9 to 10-4M. Neither rac-mefloquine nor the enantiomers showed antiparasitic activity at 10-9 M. The (+)-mefloquine was more potent than the (-)-mefloquine and the racemate by IC50 equal to 1.17 µM in comparison to 4.09 µM.